【Abstract】 Objective To study the resistance of Rattus rattus sladeni to anticoagulant rodenticide. Methods No?choice food test was used in this study according to the method of national rodent resistance surveillance group. Results The rodents caught in nine districts of Guangzhou were tested. The survival rate  was 3.8%. The total average dosage was 30.31 mg/kg, and survival  average dosage  was  58.29 mg/kg.  The  result  showed  that  its  sensitivity  to  anticoagulant   rodenticide  was  between R.tanezumi and  R.norvegicus.  Conclusion The  anticoagulant  rodenticide can be still used to the control of R.rattus sladeni. But it should strengthen the resistance surveillance, and the chemicals should be used scientifically and rationally. 

【Abstract】 Objective To develop a system of stepwise response for risk categories for dengue fever in China. Methods According to ecological features of Aedes albopictus, establish the method of mosquito and oviposition trap and compare the relationship of the mosquito and oviposition positive index （MOI） and the Breteau index （BI） or the Ovitrap index obtained from the traditional dengue fever vectors surveillance. Develop an epidemic forecast and phased response system for dengue fever control and prevention with reference to other correlative grade control system for dengue or other vector?borne disease, combined with the actual application of mosquito and oviposition trap in the vector surveillance. Results The MOI could be classified into 4 levels, below 5, 5-20, 20-40, and ＞40 respectively. Stepwise response for risk categories for dengue fever were divided into 4 levels according to the levels of MOI, seasonal character, virus infection rates in mosquitoes and the result of human cases surveillance. Conclusion The MOI is less than 5, which suggestes the control of dengue fever is very effective. However, the risk categories and its response index still need further study and verify in the practical application.

Objective To study the resistant change of Xenopsylla cheopis to insecticides in plague natural focus. Methods Surface contact method was used in this study. Results The LC ₅₀ of X.cheopis to malathion, propoxur, dichlorovos, permethrin, deltamethrin and fendona in the constant flea-killing areas were 0.0165, 0.1170, 0.0202, 0.0002, 0.0038, 0.0087 mg/cm ², which were 4.78, 16.32, 2.08, 1.70, 1.66 and 2.94 times of the control. Conclusion Large and constant use of flea-insecticide may lead to resistance. Therefore, the resistance of insecticide must be monitored constantly when killing fleas. The insecticide must be used scientifically and rationally.

Objective To investigate the breeding characteristics of Aedes albopictus in urbanization residential area,which should provide the basis for the control of Ae.albopictus. Methods The study was carried out in the village of Jieyang city and high-urbanization downtown of Foshan from March 2004 to November 2005. Water containers were detected in and around one household which was randomly selected every 5 households. The data were analyzed by software SPSS 11.0. Results Of 5635 possible breeding sites in 7470 houses investigated, 502(6.72%) were positive. In the village of Jieyang,the major breeding containers included unused container (jars, bottles and tins, etc.) and water reservoir receptacles with the positive constitute ratio of 64.98% and 18.77% respectively. The positive constitute ratio of unused containers reached the maximum in September every year. But in residential area of Foshan city, the major breeding containers were made up of water vases in which the flowers and plants grow and unused containera, and the positive constitute ratio of them were 45.52% and 33.79% respectively. The positive constitute ratio of unused containers was in the peak from July to September, and that in miniascape and water plant was the highest in 2004 and May 2005 with the value of 75.00%. But the result was zero after May 2005. Conclusion There were different among the breeding sites in different residential area, which varied with season. The breeding containers in increasing urbanization cities were mainly miniascape, water plant and unused containers, but in low urbanization village, the breeding sites were mainly the unused containers and water reservoir receptacle.

Objective To study the insecticide resistance development of in Xenopsylla cheopis after insecticide using for several constantly years. Methods Bioassay of flea contact insecticide effective testing membrane was used to carry out the surveillance. Field population in the insecticide applying areas for plague vectors prevention and control fleas was collected and tested, the flea population from non-insecticide using areas as control. Results Each LC _{50 of X.cheopis to malathion, propoxur, dichlorovos, permethrin, deltamethrin and FENDONA in the constant flea-killing areas was 20.20, 3.75, 0.17, 16.50, 117.00 and 8.65 μg·ai/cm² which was 2.08, 1.66, 1.70, 4.78, 16.32 and 2.94 times higher than that of the un-insecticide applying contrast areas. Conclusion Applying insecticide constantly in plague vector fleas control may lead to flea insecticide resistance. It’s better to know the insecticide susceptibility background when we develop a strategy for plague flea vectors prevention and control.}

Objective To study the sensitive of TaqMan MGB Real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and nested RT-PCR on detecting Dengue virus(DV) from Aedes albopictus and establish a sensitive, specific, and repetitive method for DV diagnosis. Methods Females adults were artificially infected with Den-2 in lab, different infected mosquito concentration (mosquitos/1000 μl) and 50 mosquitos/pool were designed and processed for virus detection by TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR and nested RT-PCR. Fluorescence signal and electrophoresis showed the results. Results For all pool, the lightest concentration that can be detected was 3 mosquitos/1000 μl for two-step TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR, and 5 mosquitos/1000 μl for one-step TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR and nested RT-PCR. Conclusion Two-step TaqMan MGB is more sensitive, specific, scientific and rapid to detect DV than nested RT-PCR, and is a good surveillance method for DV in A.albopictus.

Objective To study the resistant development of anticoagulant rodenticide in commensal rodents.Methods Unselective feeding method was used,which was established by "Rodenticide-resistance Monitoring Cooperation Group in China" in 1985.Results The rodents(129 Rattus norvegicus,37 R.flavipectus and 15 Mus musculus) caught in Jiangmen' three city zone(Pengjiang,Jianghai,Xinhui) of Jiangmen city were tested.The resistance rate differs from 0,10.81% and 46.67% for R.norvegicus, R.flavipectus and M.musculus with average taken dosages 12.00,143.12 and 582.41 mg/kg respectively.The result shows that M.musculus have developed resistance to anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰ and R.flavipectus has individual resistance.Conclusion The rodenticide Ⅱ should be used in the areas of M.musculus.The anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰ can be still used but should be used scientifically and properly with careful tests of sensitivity.

Objective To study the bite rate,epidemiological a village,named T,in Guangdong province distribution,clinical symptoms of the villagers bitten by the red imported fire ants (RIFA) and the environment of to provide evidence for disease control and prevention. Methods Using random sampling method to spot-check households in the village and interview with questionnaires to profile the epidemiological characteristics,clinical manifestations and the treatment of the T villagers bitten by the RIFA. Results During the period of January 1 to June 28,2006,among 60 households surveyed,45 households were bitten by the RIFA. The household bite rate was 75.0%. In the total of 241 people questioned,72 people had been bitten by the RIFA. The bite rate of population was 29.9%(72/241). Among those afflicted people,there was no significant difference between male and female; for villagers more than 40 years old,the bite rate was higher than 50%. In the extremely hot June,the number of villagers bitten by RIFA drastically increased. Workers at farm and/or afforesting belts were much more likely to be bitten by RIFA. The bite rates in farmers and afforesting workers were 42.3% and 28.3% respectively. The proportion of bitten feet was the highest as 65.0%,the next was the hand; The clinical manifestation were mainly including itch- pain(100%),blushes(45.8%),skin rash(78.6%),papule(54.2%),water(pus) blister(33.3%),fever rarely(1.4%) and dizziness(1.4%) and so on 98.6% patients of which were treated by themselves. The nest of RIFA scattered in the village. Conclusion The villagers bitten by RIFA is common in the village in the recent years but with less severe clinical manifestations. We should enhance the health education for the farmer and afforesting workers,and enhance to control RIFA by the scienific ways.

Objective To develop techniques to monitor the resistance of commensal rodents with blood clotting response(BCR) test. Methods Buff-breasted rats Rattus flavipectus were sampled from suburbs of Zhanjiang,Guangdong province,where higher resistance to bromadiolone had been documented previously. Results With non-alternative feeding tests,the upper limit of 95% effective dose of the wild population was proposed as discrimination dose(4.0 mg/kg) to discriminate the resistant buff-breasted rat form susceptible ones according to the method appraised by European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization(OEPP/EPPO,1995). And then,effects of bromadiolone at 4.0 mg/kg body weight on the blood clotting response of buff-breasted rat were studied. Results showed that the discrimination dose droved the percentage clotting activity(PCA) distribution pattern changed form one peak type of pre-treatment whole population into double peaks type,which one peak stand for resistant individuals which would survive within 20 d for their PCA range from 10-100,and the other peak should be susceptible individuals which would die in the following days for their PCA less than 10,which indicated the consistence of BCR method and non-alternative feeding test in monitoring the resistance of buff-breasted rat. Furthermore,both resistant and susceptible individuals decreased their PCA in the following days,while PCA of resistant individuals only decreased to 17% of normal level and soon increased to normal level within 2-3 d,compared to that of susceptible individuals whose PCA decrease dramatically and no increase observed. Therefore,PCA=10(INR=5.0) might be a threshold in determining "responders" to discriminate the resistant and susceptible rodent administrated by 4.0 mg/kg bromadiolone. Conclusion BCR might be applicable method to monitor the resistance against anticoagulant rodenticides of commensal rodents.

Objective To compare the results and understand relationship between the mosq-ovitrap method and larval survey for detecting the presence of ; Aedes mosquitoes in the field. Methods The study was carried out in the cities of Foshan and Jieyang,Guangdong province,from March 2004 to November 2005. A mosq-ovitrap was set every 5 random households and their premises,or set every 25-50 meters in a hidden and shady place in the surroundings of hospitals,schools,government office buildings,factories and gardens. Larval surveys and mosq-ovitrap method were used simultaneously in the households or in the areas of 5 meters around the trap set in the surroundings. Results In households,hospitals,schools,government office buildings,factories and gardens,14 902 mosq-ovitraps were simultaneously set and 14 648 were collected back. The positive traps for adult mosquitoes was 932. The mosquito and oviposition positive index(MOI) and mosquito-trap density index(MDI) were 6.36 and 1.03± 0.89 respectively. Total 962 Aedes albopictus(99.5)and 5 Culex(0.5) were collected. The maximum of the mosquito adults captured in a single trap was 10. At the same time,8537 water containers in 14 902 households or premises (5 meters in circumference of the mosq-ovitrap) were checked,of which 844 contained the Aedes albopictus larvae. The Breteau Index,House Index and Container Index were 5.66 ,3.87 and 9.89 respectively. The MOI was 1.12 times of the Breteau Index,or 1.64 times of the House Index,or 0.64 times of the Container Index. Conclusion There is a positive relationship between the MOI and the Breteau Index,and the House Index,the container Index respectively. The MOI is particularly approximate to the Breteau Index.

Objective To study the resistance development of anticoagulant rodenticide in commensal rodents. Methods Tests was carried out without selectivity by rodents based on the method of National Rodenticide Resistance Monitoring Co-worker Group. Results 769 Rattus flavipectus and 303 Rattus norvegicus were caught in five cities of Guangdong were tested. The resistance rate differs from 1.69 to 12.21 the average dosage taken differs from 10.36 mg/kg to 131.96 mg/kg . The result showed that Rattus flavipectus and Rattus norvegicus had become individual resistance to the resistance rodenticide Ⅰ. Conclusion The anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅱ should be used in the areas gathered with Rattus flavipectus. The anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰ can be still used but should be used scientifically and properly with careful tests of sensitivity.

Objective To study the resistant evoluation of anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰ in commensal rodents in Foshan city. Methods Take tests without selectivity by rodents. Results The rodents caught in Foshan city were tested. The resistance rate ranged from 0 to 34.21% . The average dosage taken ranged from 15.27 mg/kg to 395.52 mg/kg . The result showed that Rattus flavipectus had developed resistance to anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰ. Conclusion The anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅱ should be used in the areas with more Rattus flavipectus. The anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰ can be still used but should be used scientifically and properly with careful tests of sensitivity.

Objective To study the sensitivity of TaqMan MGB Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on detecting Dengue virus (DV) from Aedes albopictus and to develop a sensitive,specific,and repetitive assay method for DV diagnosis. Methods Females A.albopictus were artificially infected with Den-2 in lab,different concentration for infecting mosquito (mosquitos/ 500 μl or mosquitoes/ 1 000 μl) and different pools (0,10,25,50 females of lab A.albopictus without DV were added to each treatment) were designed to process of virus detection by one-step and two-step TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR. Fluorescent signal was observed to show the results. Results For all pools,the minimal concentration which could be detected was 2 mosquitoes/ 500 μl and 3 mosquitoes/ 1 000 μl for two-step TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR,but 5 mosquitoes/ 500 μl for one-step TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR. There was no evident effect on the detection of DV RNA by the RNA of A.albopictus. Conclusion TaqMan MGB is sensitive and specific to detect DV,and is a perfect surveillance method for DV index of A.albopictus. It is better for 20-30 mosquitoes/pool and 500 μl dilution/pool by two-step TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR.

Objective Evaluation the resistance of Rattus norvegicus against warfarin and bromadiolone and comparison the two testing methods,blood clotting response(BCR) and feeding.Methods The resistance of R.norvegicus against warfarin and bromadiolone was tested with BCR and feeding method.Results The 50% effective dosees(ED ₅₀) of warfarin for R.norvigicus Beijing suburb population were(3.849 mg/kg) and(4.727 mg/kg) for male and female respectively.As for bromadiolone,ED 50 values were(0.516 mg/kg) and(0.689 mg/kg) for male and female.According to the baseline of susceptible R.norvegicus approved by ARRPC,the resistance of the population was(2.219-2.549) fold for warfarin and(1.098-1.129) for bromadiolone.Conclusion Compared with feeding test approved by WHO in 1980s,BCR methods obtained similar results and appeared to be a reliable and applic20050822able method in monitor anticoagulant resistance of commensal rodent.

Objective To study the resistant development of anticoagulant rodenticide in commensal rodents. Methods Unselective feeding method was used,which was established by "Rodenticideresistance Monitoring Cooperation Group in China" in 1985. Results The rodents (155 Rattus norvegicuus,13 Rattus flavipectus and 28 Mus musculus) caught in Qingyuan and it's three county city zone of Guangzhou province were tested. The resistance rate differs from 0.65%?0 to 50.00% for Rattus norvegicus, Rattus flavipectus and Mus musculus with average taken dosages 9.82,84.92 to 453.70 mg/kg respectively. The result shows that Mus musculus have developed resistance to anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰ and Rattus norvegicus has individual resistance. Conclusion The resistance rodenticide Ⅱ should be used in the areas Mus musculus more than others. The anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰ can be still used but should be used scientifically and properly with careful tests of sensitivity.

Objective To study the technology for Mus musculus Control. Methods To evoluate the acceptability of the bromadiolone poison paste and it's effect both in laboratory and in field. Results The Bromadiolone poison paste was stably performed in many conditions. It didn't get mouldy within 30 days. The intaking coefficient in laboratory was 1.56 . The consuming rate in field was 33.60% . The killing rate was 82.18% . Conclusion The bromadiolone poison paste tasted good to M.musculus,and can control M.musculus effective stably.

Objective To study the resistance changes to anticoagulant rodenticide in commensal rodents.Methods Test of toxin in taking without selectivity by rodents.Results The rodents Rattus norvegicus(130), R.flavipectus(31) and Mus musculus(18),caught in nine districts of Guangzhou were tested.The resistance rates are 8.5%,45.2% and 27.8%,respectively.The average in taking are 17.72 mg/kg,278.46 mg/kg and 1 164.24 mg/kg,respectively.The result shows that R.flavipectus and M.musculus have showed population resistance to the anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰand R.norvegicus has showed individual resistance.Conclusion The anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅱ should be used in the areas with dominant R.flavipectus and M.musculus.The anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰcan be still used but should be used scientifically and properly with more tests of sensitivity.

Objective To investigate SARS virus carried by murine-like animals in the hygienic units to provide evidence for looking for the origin and infectious ways of SARS virus.Methods Rats were caught in usual ways.Nested RT-PCR,Fluorescent quantitative PCR,Sequence analysis and virus isolation were applied.Results There are 59 murine-like animals of three species caught in the hygienic units related to SARS in Guangzhou.32 samples of anus swabs test were tested in nested RT-PCR.The resnlts showed that four samples were positive.The positive rate was 12.5 percent.The sequence of positive parts had 90%～96% homogeneity with SARS-CoV.The result of the cell cultivation on positive samples of PCR amplification parts was negative.Conclusion It would be studied further to conform whether murine-like animals can carry and transmit SARS coronavirus.

Objective:To study the acceptibility to the base bait with the Mus musculus and to provide the scientifical basis for the ideal poison baits in the southern China.Methods:To test the coefficient of intaking baits with selective acceptabity test.Results:The Mus musculus would like to eat the millet best.The coefficient of intaking millet was 1.73 which was 1.46 times more than that of the worst.The intaking quantity was 6.5 times more than that of the worst.The husked rice,the noodle,the wheat and the corn were the second;the peanut and the rice were mediocre.Conclusion:The millet and the husked rice are the best base baits of poison to the Mus musculus in the southern China.

A stable measurement for rodent control was explored through a simple,easy way of powersaving and poison saving.The effect was achieved by comparing the way of mayoring in control facilities through consulting and timed and fixed poison baiting with the one of constant poison baiting and sudden rodent killing.The result showed that the rodent density in both test area and contrast area remains low level(below 3%,the national standard).But the man power,poison and time spent in test area are less than those in contrast area.The conclusion is that manpower is saved by integrated management,it is easy,simple and economic.